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Tag‘CFA’的存档

CFA L2 笔记 Financial Reporting and Analysis

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Intercorporate Investments
4种公司间投资
1. Minority passive, 小于20%, 无显著影响。又可归类3种:

  • held-for-maturity
    • 记balance sheet 用amortized cost. 像买了个bond;interest income记在income statement, fair value变动不管。
  • held-for-trading
    • 一般小于三个月,记balance sheet 用fair value; realized 和unrealized的g/s, dividends和interest都记income statement
  • available-for-sale
    • 记balance sheet 用fair value, unrealized g/s 不记income statement,记在equity. realized g/s, dividends和interest都记income statement
    • GAAP下,卖掉以后的unrealized g/s 记在other comprehensive income; realized g/s 要从other comprehensive income 中reverse ,然后记在income statement.
    • IFRS下,类似,但fx导致的unrealized g/s放在income statement。GAAP是所有的unrealized放在equity。

2. Minority active, 20%~50%,有显著影响,小于20%也有可能。

  • 用Equity method,记cost, 在balance sheet 里面是noncurrent asset.
  • investee的earning/loss按比例增加/减少equity,并记在income statement,发dividends按比例减少equity,不记income statement. equity减少到0,就不用equity method.
  • 2007.11.15以后,记fair value, 变动记在income statement.
  • 超过book value的话,用fair value记,cost – fair value部分记goodwill
  • 每年要test impairement: carrying value > fair value ,IFRS可以write-up,GAAP不行
  • 关联交易暂不记账,出去了才记。

3. Controlling, 大于50%,控股,小于50%也有可能。

  • 用consolidation,记minority interest account=equty 2 × %,或noncontrolling interest (IFRS)
  • current asset = ca 1 + ca 2 – cost(收购价);其他部分简单相加;equity 不变。
  • Income statement 里面,revenue, expense相加,减去minority interest=net income 2 × %

4. JV, shared control

IFRS 可用proportionate consolidation(优先), 也可以用equity method。

  • GAAP只能用equity method
  • 不记minority interest
  • current asset = ca 1 + ca 2×% – cost(收购价)其他部分也按比例加;equity 不变

Purchased Method:

  • 用market value,paid in capital 要加上investee的asset – liability(市场价);
  • investee报表里面的goodwill被忽略,来计算investor的goodwill.
  • impairment loss记在income statement,continuing operations
  • bargain purchase ,GAAP下,要reassess,超过cost的部分从noncurrent asset减掉,还有多的放到income statement, extraordinary gain.IFRS下,超出部分都记income statement, continuing operation, 不计extraordinary。
  • GAAP和IFRS对比:
    • GAAP下,小于100%的收购,按fair value,剩下的按book value(blended value 加权平均);IFRS下,都按fair value
    • GAAP下,在途R&D算identifiable asset, 一旦goodwill算完,R&D在income statement算expense掉;IFRS做amortize处理
    • GAAP下,contingency resolved 和determined 才记;IFRS要估计,包括在purchase price里面。

Pooling Method(已停用):用book value

SPE(VIE in IFRS):一般都off-balance sheet
QSPE:GAAP可用,IFRS不可用。

P136 Equity method, proportionate consolidatation, consolidation method对比:ROE都一样,net income都一样,equity都一样。

J 发布

四月 16th, 2009 at 10:47 下午

CFA L2 笔记 Fixed Income

2 个评论

Credit Risk 3种:Default Risk, Credit Spread Risk和Downgrade Risk

Rating 的3个 Source: Credit Rating反映default的可能性,Rating Watch观察期,Rating Outlook长期预测

Moody建议:
1. 有downgrade watch, rating降2个notches
2. 有negative outlook, rating降1个notch
3. 有stable outlook 保持rating 
4. 有positive outlook, rating升1个notch
5. 有upgrade watch, rating升2个notch 

Credit Analysis的4c:
1.character, corporate governance管理层和董事会的关系,董事会越独立越好。
2.covenants, affirmative covenants要求公司要做什么,negative covenants要求公司不能做什么。
3.collateral,
4.capacity, Moody用4个factor衡量:industry trends, regulatory environment, operating and competitive position, financial position and source of liquidity,company structure, parent company support agreements, and special event risk. 

Ratios:  ROE, current ratio, acid-test ratio,
long-term debt-to-capitalization ratio,   total debt-to-capitalization ratio
EBIT coverage ratio, EBITDA coverage ratio

Cash Flow Analysis:
Net Income + depreciation +/- other noncash items
=Funds from operations
+decrease in noncash current assets – increase in nondebt current liabilities
=Operating cash flow
- capital expenditures
=Free operating cash flow
-Cash dividends
=Discretionary cash flow
-acquisitions + asset disposals + other sources(uses) 
=Prefinancing cash flow

S&P 用的cash flow framework 
Funds from operations / total debt
Funds from operations / capital spending requirements
(Free operating cash flow + interest) / interest  
Debt service coverage = (Free operating cash flow + interest) / (interest + annual principal repayment )
Debt payback period = total debt / discretionary cash flow

High-Yield Corporate Bonds 研究 Debt Structure 和Corporate Structure

Asset-Backed Securities(ABS)最重要的是collateral quality, 另一个重要的是concentration of loans in the collateral pool. 比较复杂的是seller/servicer的quality也需要评估,没有biz和operating risk

Municipal Bond里面的tax-backed debt研究issuer’s debt structure, budgetary policy, local tax and intergovernmental revenue availability, issuer’s sociaeconomic environment.
MB里面的Revenue bonds研究 limits of the basic security, flow of funds structure, rate or user charge, covenants, priority-of-revenue claims, additional-bonds test

Sovereign bond在S&P研究
economic risk : economic and income structure, prospects for economic growth, degree of fiscal flexibility, public debt burden, monetary policy and price stability, balance of payment flexibility, external debt and liquidity
political risk:  政体,政权稳定,经济政策的支持程度,全球化的经济和金融体系,内外部证券风险

National Gov有2个rate,
local currency debt rating
foreign currency debt rating, 通常higher default rate和lower credit rating

Corporate Bond研究capacity to pay和corporate governance structure, 研究biz和operating risk

to be continue…

J 发布

二月 12th, 2009 at 6:54 上午

发表在 CFA 学习笔记 - L2

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CFA L2 笔记 Economics

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Rule of 70, approximate years to double = 70/growth rate

Factors of production:
Land, Capital Goods,  Labor, Entrepreneurial ability

Preconditions of economic growth:
Markets, Property rights, Monetory exchange 

Labor productivity growth / Real GDP per labor hour有2个因素决定,

1.growth in physical capital per labor hour, 导致move along productivity curve,technology level一定的情况下,有One-Third Rule,1%改变1/3%的real GDP per labor hour,剩下的是technological change导致的改变。
2.technological change  ,导致productivity curve to shift 

有law of diminishing returns

Key method to increase eco growth:
encouraging savings
encouraging R&D to develop tech advances that are public goods
stimulate international trade to realize gains from specification
improve the quality of education by investing in human capital 

Key factors driving eco growth:
Saving and investment in new capital
Investment in human capital 
Discovery new tech

3个Growth Theories

1.Classical growth theory,说real GDP是temporary (real GDP/person up above subsisitence level)-> population explodes -> Real GDP/person down to subsistence level.

classical-growth

2.Neoclassical growth theory, 说no tech change -> no real GDP growth, Tech Change -> increased saving and investment -> capital per labor hour grow and real return fall.
when real return = target return, economic growth stops.
Tech drives eco growth, but not influenced by eco growth.
population growth independent  of economic growth.(difference between 1&2) 

neoclassical-growth

3.New growth theory,说Eco growth continues indefinitely as tech advances. Real rate down -> incentive to discover new products and methods -> real return grow and > target return.
Eco growth does influence tech development(difference between 2&3) 
low profits is incentive to innovate(key difference btw 2&3)
knowledge capital 不管low of diminishing returns.
也叫perpetual motion economy,  endogenous growth model

new-growth

Economic Regulation: 包括控制natural monopolies 和competitive industries, 为了控制price,有2种,Cost-of-service & Rate-of-return, 控制excessive monopoly profit 和 predatory competitive practices

Social Regulation: 包括控制across all industries

nagative effects: creative response (feedback effect)

Regulator Behavior:
Capture Hypothesis, 说regulator会收industry影响。
Share-the-gains, Share-the-pains theory, 说 regulator会考虑三方的利益,legislators,custormers,regulated firm

Barriers to trade:
Tariff, benefit domestic producers, worker in protected industries and gov. at the expense of domestic consumers and workers outside the protected industry.
Quotas, benefit domestic producers, worker in protected industries, and those with import licenses , at the expense of domestic consumers and worker outside the protected industry.
Voluntary export restrains(VERs), benefit domestic producers, workers in protected industries, and those with export licenses or the power to grant them, at the expense of domestic consumers and workers outside the protected industry.
supports:
1. protect developing industries
2.anti-dumping
3.national defense

little supports:
1. protect jobs.
2.create jobs.
3.depress high wage

Real FX = Nomi Fx × Price in Foreign / Price in Domestic

Currency Demand:
1.demand for export from the country(or area) 
2.interest rate of the currency
3.expected future exchange rate

Currency Supply:
1.demand for import
2.interest rate  of other currencies
3.expected future exchange rate

Same factors impact on supply&demand, so exchange rate may be quite volatile(more so if supply&demand independent.)  

Balance of payment equation(BOP)

current account + capital account + official settlement account = 0
current account: net exchange of goods and services, investment income, unilateral transfers(gifts to or from other nations)
capital account(financial): flow of funds, to make up the difference for current account.
official settlement account: changes in official reserves(foreign currency, gold, IMF special drawing rights(SDRs), other foreign assets)

Flexible ex rate,决定于supply&demand without direct intervention by central bank

Fixed rate, peg the value of a currency, set by gov, need active gov intervention,需要一定的level的 reserves

Crawling Peg ex rate, set a target range for a limited period of time, reduce the risk to run out of reserves

Direct Quotes: DC/FC(base currency/counter currency),  Indirect, FC/DC
AUD:USD=0.6 –> USD/AUD= 0.6 –> 0.6-USD/AUD用于计算cross rate 
 

fx market: spot market , forward market, currency swap market 

bid-ask spread = (ask-bid)/bid , depend on market conditions, bank and currency dealer positions,  trading volume

Triangular Arbitrage

base currency forward discount=forward rate – spot rate = negative number
base currency forward premium=forward rate – spot rate = positive number 

Annualized forward premium/discount =(Fr-Sr)/Sr×(360/number of forward contract days)

 

Interest rate parity, coverd interest arbitrage
forward=spot × (1+rf(n/360)) /(1+rd(n/360))

currency

 

Unanticipated shift to expansionary monetary policy -> economic growth, accelerated inflation rate, lower real interest rate

Unanticipated shift to expansive fiscal policy -> budget deficits, increase in aggregate demand, accelerated inflation rate, increase in domestic real interest rates

Purchasing power parity(PPP)
relative PPP: E(St)=S0 × [(1+ If)/(1+Id)]^t

International Fisher Relation: interest rate diff. should be equal to expected inflation diff. real interest rates are stable.
exact methodology: (1+r ) =(1+real r)(1+E(I))
linear approximation: r≈real r + E(I) / real r≈ r- E(I)

Uncovered interest rate parity combined PPP 和Fish relation
forward=spot × (1+rf(n/360)) /(1+rd(n/360)) = E[Sn] 
(F-S0)/S0 =E(%ΔS)

GDP+net property income from abroad=GNI-depreciation=NNI

GDP常用,但有问题,1. survey得来的数据耗时且不准,2.低估了灰色和地下经济

GDP三部分:perfect world,output=expenditure=income
output:net value added=total production – total cost  (most reliable)
expenditure:Total final expenditure(TFE)=all consumption+investment+export goods and services
income:all earnings ,trading profits ,rental income (least reliable)

Expenditure 是market price(含tax和subsidy),Output和Income是factor price
GDP at market price – indirect taxes + subsidies = GDP at factor price 

Output是current 和 constant prices
Expenditure是current price, adjusted to constant price,算price index,叫GDP deflator (volatile eco时不准)
Income用current price,用price index转换成constant price

J 发布

一月 31st, 2009 at 6:09 上午

发表在 CFA 学习笔记 - L2

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一段时间没写东西,贴个小结

6 个评论

6.1生的一窝金毛小狗,经过我父母的精心照料以及我在网上的大力推广,总算在满3个月前推销出去了最后一只,功德圆满。
当中遇到的阻碍总结有3:

1. 市场混乱。由于前两年金毛狗的流行,大小狗场及家庭肆意繁殖,导致市场价大跌,加上狗场的倾销捣乱,金毛小狗越来越低价。

2. 市区限制大狗上牌,很多人担心买回去没法上牌,变成黑户,还要防打狗队的追杀。

3. 我家住郊区,上门较远,很多买家不愿意奔波,就放弃了。

Anyway, 算是结束了。

考完CFA后,得到了一个机会,加入了一个创业团队,负责公司筹备的各方面事情。除了产品开发是已经完成了的,其他所有的事情,都要亲自设计和筹划。总的来说机会很不错。符合我一贯的格言,机会留给有准备的人。平时有积累(不管积累的时候有多枯燥无趣),到机会来敲门的时候,就可以厚积薄发。等公司启动以后再上来发一篇介绍。

同时也为开学做准备,跟未来的同学熟悉,讨论一些大家都感兴趣的话题,为将来的共同学习做热身。各种各样抱有类似理想的人在一起,很有意思。不管是经验还是知识背景,都能相辅相成。我还是比较有自信能与大家分享一些有用的信息的。还有一个月就开学了,期待ing。

考了CFA L1,不接着考下去,肯定是浪费。去考L2,虽然很也贵,600USD,但这笔投资应该是能值回票价的。不管将来是不是从事金融行业。据说MBA + CFA L2还是有一定的市场的。纯粹当作投资了。9.20就报名,来吧,希望上学时还有时间应付这个咚咚。

J 发布

九月 4th, 2008 at 10:47 下午

发表在 人生感悟

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CFA L1 Pass

10 个评论

忙的好久没写新文。今天是CFA L1放榜的日子,忽然发现邮箱里发来了原来读者的评论,说通过了。

那我也来公布一下成绩,感谢这么多读者,也希望我做的笔记能对你们的考试有所帮助。

July 2008

XXXXXXX
XXX XXX

Level 1: Pass

The table below illustrates your subject matter strengths and weaknesses.   The three columns on the right are marked with asterisks to indicate your performance on each question or topic area.

Multiple Choice

Q# Topic Max Pts <=50% 51%-70% >70%
- Alternative Investments 8 - - *
- Corporate Finance 20 - - *
- Derivatives 12 - - *
- Economics 24 - * -
- Equity Investments 24 - - *
- Ethical & Professional Standards 36 - - *
- Financial Statement Analysis 48 - * -
- Fixed Income Investments 28 - - *
- Portfolio Management 12 - - *
- Quantitative Methods 28 - - *

J 发布

七月 29th, 2008 at 9:51 下午

发表在 CFA 学习笔记 - L1

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CFA L1 结束

16 个评论

疲惫不堪,不过总算结束了,应该是比较完美的。

昨天跑到一个月前预订的7天酒店住,设施倒是很舒适,该有的都有,就是墙太薄了,隔壁走路关门说话都听得到,吵死了没睡好。送的一包安睡奶也没起作用,真正睡着的估计也就5小时不到。早上6点半本来约好叫醒服务的,也没叫,自己手机闹钟起来的。吃完面包咖啡退房7点,写了个评价给7天“隔音太差,晚上很吵”,估计不大会有效果。

7点退完房走到路上叫了个出租,刚接班的大妈搞不清楚状况,开了别的方向。。。我说,你怎么越开越远了,她说是,好几个路口忘记转了,说不打表了,原来你去那多少钱就多少钱吧。还好时间还很充分。不过看得出来她不是想绕远,是确实没搞清楚方向。

7点半到了SHG楼下,无数人坐在路边看笔记,还有大妈大叔陪考的,汗一个,多大的人了,最小也大三大四了吧,还要陪考,又不是高考罗。路上还有道明,金程等发图卡笔的,很不错,原来买的2B铅笔都没用上。 8点多进场了,发现人比想象的还要多,看起来80%是大学生,就业压力真的很大啊。990刀对于他们来说,一年学费加几个月生活费了,父母的血汗钱啊。不过当作投资,还是很值得的,但必须要坚持下来。

考场里面广播不停的播,一会指挥考生,一会指挥监考,反反复复,烦也烦死了。

早上题较简单,提前一小时做完,做完后马上举手示意,跑到厕所休息了一下。回来慢慢检查。概念题较多,计算较简单。估计除了会计别的应该都可以上80%。检查途中竟然还改了n道题….做的太快是不好。

总算到了收卷,广播又一阵指挥,还不能走until dismissed…军事化管理啊。一块一块的广播说可以走,大家才走。下楼的地方还是人挤人。好不容易走到楼下看见一长队,判断是买盒饭的地方了。跟大家一起排队。排到前面剩10个人左右的时候,说没饭了,要等。。。我shit,饿晕了都。又说再楼下也有饭吃。蹬蹬跑下去也是一长条队,我算了吧。。。包里还有个面包早上剩下的。这时候联系到了Ben哈哈,他们正在古北家乐福的麦当劳,于是托他们带了个巨无霸。

又等了20分钟,巨无霸来了,边吃边聊早上考试。都说还可以。吃完匆匆进行下半场。

没想到啊没想到,下午跟上午比起来,简直是地狱。计算倒不是很复杂,但是步骤比较多,概念题也是很多没见过的。不确定的题比上午简直是几何级数的增长。加上体力不支,肚子又被巨无霸撑到,很是不爽。不过最后还是提前了半小时做完。浑浑噩噩的检查了一阵,又修改了几题,总算到点了。下午估计两个大头会计和资产评估60%其他还是有把握70%的。通过估计没什么问题吧。

零零散散的学,估计也超过官方建议的300小时了。今天考完了就到这吧。

J 发布

六月 8th, 2008 at 10:01 下午

发表在 CFA 学习笔记 - L1

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CFA L1 倒计时7天

11 个评论

最后一周了,感觉有点疲惫,希望快点参加考试,尽快结束。

Practice Exam 2的3套mock,只做了一套半就做不下去了。题目又长又臭,真是体力和脑力还有注意力的强烈考验。做试题笔记的时候,回头翻了翻课本,发现平时用来翻翻看还是个不错的选择,有很多科普性的金融知识。 考试这点内容,只算个overview吧。

考完了一级还会考二级吗?这是个问题。人在每个阶段前方的路都不一样,哪怕只相隔半年。机会有时候就突如其来,敢不敢去抓,能不能抓住也全看自己的取舍。也说不清楚是放弃原来的梦想,还是确实有客观条件限制。

半年+990USD,给自己一个finance background,值!也算是30岁以前的一份积累。

J 发布

五月 31st, 2008 at 10:41 上午

CFA L1 倒计时15天

22 个评论

在热心考友Elaine的帮助下,总算找齐了3套Sample和2套Mock,其中一套sample是cfai网站免费的,就是之前说的只有51%的那套…汗

不过今天做了第二套sample就好多了,ethic 77%,weighted average达到75%了。需要做的笔记是少了,不过60题的笔记竟然还是做了有1页半的A4,无尽的points…怎么就cover不完了捏。

剩15天要干掉的资料有practice exam 2的3套共720题,mock exam用于最后一周全天mock 240题。还有之前做的无数张A4纸正反面的笔记。艰巨啊…

考前一天定了高架附近的7天酒店嘿嘿不用起早奔波坐一个多小时车,打个车15分钟就到了(希望别堵) ,8点就到考场也不是这么容易的事。从现在开始要调整作息了。

Wish 所有考友 all the best了!

J 发布

五月 23rd, 2008 at 11:26 下午

发表在 CFA 学习笔记 - L1

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CFA L1倒计时20天

5 个评论

看完notes和一大堆资料以后,开始做题,practice exam 1的第一套,第二套。发现连ethic都没办法达到要求(70%),后面的算算也不够pass的。

去打印ticket看到CFAI网站里面有一套免费的60题sample,做过以后打击也不小,51%,failed.于是把做过的题一个一个重新做笔记,(比较乱,就不发到blog了。) 写掉了3根笔(不是新笔啦。。。)和n张A4纸之后,做掉了PE1的第三套AM,总算有了点感觉。ethic好不容易到了70%,weighted average也超过了65%。

还剩20天了,还有practice exam 2的三套,和看看有没有可能弄到的paid mock exam 的2套,继续做无数的笔记,用掉无数根笔,把weighted average 提高到传说中的80%,相信真考也就没有问题了。

另外PE的2本计算偏复杂,ethic偏长,据说都不是cfai最近考试的风格,但不妨碍用来找回失落的知识点。

J 发布

五月 17th, 2008 at 8:35 下午

发表在 CFA 学习笔记 - L1

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Notes 习题笔记 Quantatitive Methods

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总算买了个TI BA II PLUS,计算题标准化吧, 养成好习惯。

Concept Checkers P128

  1. N=15, I/Y=9, PV=-1000, FV=
  2. N=50, I/Y=20, PV=-10, FV=
  3. N=3, I/Y=0, FV=100, PV=
  4. N=7, I/Y=8, FV=10000, PV=
  5. N=8, PV=-3, FV=4.5, I/Y=
  6. I/Y=12, PV=-5000, FV=10000, N=; 也可以用72法则,72/I/Y=翻倍的年数
  7. CF0=0,CF1=500,CF2=200, CF3=800, I=12, NPV=
  8. CF0=0, CF1=10, CF2=-20, CF3=10, CF4=150, I=8.5, NPV=
  9. N=20, I/Y=10, PMT=50000,FV=0, PV=
  10. N=5, I/Y=9.5, PV=-10000, FV=0, PMT=
  11. BGN, N=15, I/Y=11, PMT=8000, FV=0, PV= ,END;也可以 N=14,I/Y=11,PMT=8000, FV=0, PV=?-8000
  12. N=10, I/Y=11, PV=0, FV=60000, PMT=
  13. N1=10, I/Y=9, PMT1=4000, FV1=0, PV=?=-FV2, N2=4, PMT2=0, PV2=, 算清楚前一段折现到哪一年末。
  14. BGN, N=4,I/Y =12,  PTM=-1000, PV=0 ,FV=, END
  15. P/Y=12, N=30X12=360, I/Y=9, PV=-150000×0.8, FV=0, PMT=
  16. P/Y=365, N=1X365, I/Y=12, PMT=0, PV=-5000, FV=
  17. 优先股price = dividend/return
  18. 同上
  19. 先算N=10, I/Y=10, PV=10000, FV=0, PMT=? ,  第一年利息=10%X10000, 10000-(PMT-利息)= 剩余本金,剩余本金*10%=第二年利息。
  20. EAR=(1+NOM/12)^12 -1

Comprehensive problems

  1. 支出现金流折现=PV, N=10, I/Y=8, FV=0, PMT=
  2. 符合增长率=末/初开N次方-1
  3. N=25, I/Y=4, PMT=1500, FV=40000, PV
  4. ARP, PV=100000,FV=-11047131,PMT=0, N=12,  I/Y=? I/YX12= ARP

    APY= 末/初-1或者用I/Y复利换算

  5. P/Y=12, I/Y=8, PV=-202971.39, FV=1000000, PMT=0, N=? /12=年

    加上PMT=-250, N=?

  6. N=20, PV=-400000, PMT=40000, FV=0, I/Y=

Concept Checkers P151

  1. NPV和IRR冲突时用NPV大的。
  2. IRR比cost of capital小,NPV是负。
  3. 负的NPV不能要。
  4. CF0=-10, CF1=4, CF2=3, CF3=4, I=10, NPV=
  5. CF0=-10, CF1=4, CF2=3, CF3=4, I=10, IRR=
  6. 独立项目,NPV正的都要
  7. 互斥项目,取NPV大的
  8. NPV=PV-CF0
  9. 永续项目,IRR=CFx/CF0
  10. IRR>cost of capital, NPV正,接受项目是base on both
  11. money weighted rate of return是所有净现金流的IRR。

    time weighted rate of return是不受现金流时间影响,衡量$1的复合增长。投资业比较常用。

  12. CF0=-50, CF1=-65+2, CF2=140+2+2, IRR=
  13. HPR1=(65+2)/50-1, HPR2=(140+4)/130-1, Time weighted return= [HPR1*HPR2]^0.5-1
  14. bank discount yield =(面值-初价)/面值 X 360/天数
  15. holding period yield =(末价-初价)/初价
  16. effective annual yield =(1+HPY) ^365/天数-1
  17. money market yield= (360× bank discount yield)/(360-95×bank discount yield) = (面值-初值)/初值X360/95
  18. bank discount yield用360,不用365;忽略复利,基于面值不是买价。HPY反映持有收益,不是年化收mon益。
  19. effective market yield=(面值/初值)^365/天数-1, 算出初值,money market yiled=360/175 X HPY=360/175 × (面值/初值-1)

Comprehensive problems

  1. bank discount yield不是真的yield因为基于面值,不是买入价。年化,但不考虑复利。用short year,360天

    HPY,基于价格,是真的yield

    MMY,是真的yield,但不复利,是short year

    EAY,是真的yield,复利,且用365天。

  2. 同样的股票持有同样期限,Time weighted return应该一样。

    annual total return,第一年比第二年好,看比例来确定谁大谁小。

Concept Checkers P186

  1. frequency distribution的intercals是nononverlapping 和closed ended, 每一个值只在一个interval里面。interval没有固定的大小所以里面的数据可以如实反映特点。
  2. 数数
  3. 数数
  4. relative frequency= interval中的数字/总数
  5. 算数平均
  6. 中数
  7. mode
  8. range
  9. mean absolute deviation=每个数与平均数的差的绝对值,和的算术平均。
  10. variance= 每个数与平均数的差的平方,和的算数平均
  11. standard deviation
  12. sample variance=算variance时总数-1
  13. sample standard deviation
  14. chebyshev’s inequity = 1- [1/σ^2], skewed distribution中,在某个standard deviation范围内的包含。
  15. 算数平均
  16. 几何平均,注意用1+x%,近似可以x的平均, 几何平均比算数平均小。
  17. 大量的small deviation,和很大比例的extremely large deviations from the mean是leptokurtic和excess kurtosis(positve),分布较高,和尾部较肥。
  18. 平均数比中数大,是positvie skew, 叫skew to the right。kurtosis是管高的,不是左右。
  19. harmonic mean是 n/(1/x1+1/x2+…..+1/xn)

Comprehensive problems

  1. sharpe ratio是单位风险的回报。越高越偏向。
  2. ordinal scale,nominal scale,ratio scale,interval scale
  3. descriptive statistics总结大量数据变为有用信息。inferential statistics是根据sample,用统计来做预测和判断
  4. 4-7略过

Concept Checkers P226 概率不好写公式,掠过。

Concept Checkers P267同上

Concept Checkers P292

  1. simple random sample: 每个element有同样的机率被选中。
  2. sample error是sample的平均数跟总体的平均数的差异
  3. 同上
  4. 总体standard deviation未知,sx=s/根号n
  5. 总体standard deviation已知, σx=σ/根号n
  6. 数量大于30,算大sample
  7. 同5
  8. 同上
  9. 95%约等于2个标准差,用5公式算出一个标准差=2,
  10. <30用n-1
  11. sampling distribution of a statistic是由固定size的sample的计算组成
  12. cross sectional data是同一时期的一组数据
  13. estimate的要素:efficiency, consistency, unbiasedness.  reliability 不是。
  14. variance比其他unbiased的小,说明efficiency
  15. 自由度越大,t分布就越接近正态。自由度减小,t分布越平,尾巴越肥。
  16. 用还没公布的历史数据,有look-ahead bias
  17. 95%=1.96个样本标准差,用上下limited和mean算绝对标准差
  18. mutual fund的业绩研究跟survivorship相关较大。
  19. 总体variance未知,用t-statistic α/2, n-1;当sample size很大的时候也可以用z-statistic
  20. sample size大的时候t或z都可以,但t的致信区间较大
  21. 同5
  22. 同上

Concept Checkers P331掠过,知识点待补

Concept Checkers P349

  1. 技术分析quick and easy,结合心理学和经济学因素,给买卖信号。 但不能解释为什么买卖。
  2. 技术分析不太依靠财务数据,靠主观,并没有证据表明比基本面分析强,
  3. 反向操作,60%看空,认为是牛的信号。
  4. OTC比NYSE投机性强,OTC成交量较大,说明多数人看多,反向操作认为是熊信号。
  5. CI涨,或者spread缩小,投资者会卖higher-quality bonds, 和买lower-quality bonds
  6. 投资者悲观时,CI会跌
  7. margin debt增加,smart money分析认为是熊信号
  8. 技术分析认为股票按趋势走,历史会重演,趋势会长期持续
  9. CI涨,T-bill eurodollar spread收窄,specialist short sale ratio<30%, debt margin 增加,是bullish信号
  10. relative strength ratio(stock price/market index value)增加,股票价格增加的速度比指数价格增加的速度快。
  11. 同9
  12. high put/call ratio说明投资者是熊,反向操作是牛

Self test P362

  1. harmonic mean用于计算每股平均价格,几何平均用于计算月复利

    J 发布

    四月 22nd, 2008 at 4:07 下午